- ↑ Margaretha T. Heemskerk, Suffering in the Mu'tazilite theology, (Brill, 2000), 54.
- ↑ The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World, C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 37.
